EFFICACY OF COW URINE AND PLANT LEAF AQUA-EXTRACTS AGAINST RAGI BLAST DISEASE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Ancient plants and plant based pathogens are the outcome of co-evolution. Ragi blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea is known to be the principal reason for its widespread ragi crop losses throughout southern Karnataka, India. The persistent use of chemical-based fungicides has contributed to the development of resistance in pathogens alongside environmental implications, highlighting the necessity for eco-friendly alternatives. Interest in cow urine (recognized for its microbicidal quality) as well as plant extracts from Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Datura metel, due to their antifungal properties have gained importance as a mounting preference for an organic mode of disease management. The leaves of these plants were dried in the shade for seven days and ground into a fine powder, which was then used to prepare aqueous extracts at 1:20, 1:10, and 1:5 concentrations. The extracts were tested fresh and after 7 days of storage (at room temperature and under refrigeration). Each extract was combined with similarly treated cow urine in varying proportions and introduced into wells in Petri Plates (containing Sabouraud agar) inoculated with Magnaporthe grisea . Zones of inhibition were recorded after 96 hours. The highest zone of inhibition (28mm) was recorded at 60% tulsi extract and 40% cow urine (1:5 ratio). Tulsi leaf extract proved to be the most effective against M.grisea, followed by neem leaves. The results further confirm the efficiency of such traditional formulations as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to chemical-based fungicides.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License Statement
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Authors who publish with International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) retain copyright of their articles and grant the journal the right of first publication.
This license allows others to share, use, and build upon the work—commercially or non-commercially—as long as appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source, and any changes are indicated.
The journal encourages open access and supports the free exchange of knowledge while ensuring proper attribution of original work.
How to Cite
References
1. 2024. Ragi Blast: A major disease in finger millet, Vikipedia.
2. Adhikari.N et al, 2020, Study of In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum in different organic solvents and Cow urine, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, Volume 10, Issue 1, Pg 90--95 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3908
3. Agbowuro, G. O. et al., 2020. Evaluation of Different Aqueous Plant Extracts Against Rice Blast Disease Fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae). International Journal of Science, Volume 22, Issue 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v22i3.17
4. Alford, H.G. et al., 1991, Health and Environmental Factors Associated with Agricultural Use of Fungicides. National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
5. Baibakova, E.V. et al., 2019. Modern Fungicides: Mechanisms of Action, Fungal Resistance and Phytotoxic Effects. Annual Research and Reviews in Biology, Volume 32, Issue 3, Pg 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2019/v32i330083
6. Bailey, S.L. et al., 2024. A history of strategies and a tapestry of triumphant tales in tackling plant fungal diseases. Plant Pathology, Volume 73, Issue 7, Pg 1619–1628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13950
7. Chauhan, R. S.et al, 2013, Cow urine: A boon for sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Cow Science, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pg 26–31.
8. Dhanushkodi. V et al., 2023. A Review on Nutritional Properties and Health Benefits of Finger Millet. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, Volume 35, Issue 19, Pg 753–761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i183342
9. Douglas.J et al, 2020. Cow urine as a biopesticide and biospellent: a systemic literature review. Research, Society and Development, Volume 9, Issue 12.
10. Ghosh, T., Biswas, M.K , 2019, Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Cow Urine against Some Seed Borne Microflora. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 5, Pg 1714–1721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.201
11. Goswami, S.K. et al, 2018, Harmful Effect of Fungicides – Current Status. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, Special Issue – 2018.
12. Jandaik, S. et al, 2015. Efficacy of Cow Urine as Plant Growth Enhancer and Antifungal Agent. Advances in Agriculture, Volume 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/620368
13. Kaur.P et al, 2024, In vitro efficacy of tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum) based extract against soil borne fungi, International Journal of Economic Plants, Volume 11, Issue 4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23910/2/2024.5725c
14. Kgasudii, B.K, Mantswe, M, 2020. Cow Urine: A Plant Growth Enhancer, Biopesticide, Pesticide and Antifungal Agent. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Volume 9, Issue 2, Pg 1294–1298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.152
15. Kishore, G. K., Pande, S.,2005, Biological control of plant diseases by natural products: An eco-friendly approach. Indian Phytopathology, Volume 58, Issue2, Pg 120–127.
16. Kishore, G.K., Pande.S, 2005. Integrated applications of aqueous leaf extract of Datura metel and chlorothalonil improved control of late leaf spot and rust of groundnut. Australasian Plant Pathology, Volume 34, Pg 261–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP05025
17. Kumar, A. et al, 2018, Antifungal potential of indigenous cow urine against phytopathogenic fungi, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Volume 7, Issue 5, Pg 2162–2166.
18. Lucas, J.A. et al, 2015. The Evolution of Fungicide Resistance. Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume-90, Pg 29–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.001
19. Mahmoud. D. A et al, 2011, Antifungal Activity of different Neem Leaf Extracts and Nimonol against some important Human Pathogens, Brazzilian Journal of Microbiology, Volume 42, Issue 3, Pg 1007--1016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822011000300021
20. Mehshuk, A.A, 2021. Eco-friendly Management of Wheat Blast Disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae triticum. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Library.
21. Mohanty, I., 2014. Diversified Uses of Cow Urine. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 3, Pg 20–22.
22. Morton, J., Staub, T., 2008. A Short History of Fungicides. The American Phytopathological Society. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/APSnetFeature-2008-0308
23. Patel.C.C et al, 2019 , Bio-efficacy of cow urine and different types of bio-pesticides against major sucking insect pests of Bt cotton. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pg 1181–1184.
24. Pradhan, S.S. et al., 2018, Bio-efficacy of cow urine on crop production: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies, Volume 6, Issue 3, Pg 292–301.
25. Prajapati. M et al, 2021, Antifungal effects of tulsi, garlic, cinnamon and lemon grass in powder and oil form on Candida albicans and in vitro studies, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Volume 25, Issue 2, Pg 306--312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.325233
26. Prakash. P, Gupta.N, 2005, Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: A short review. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Voulme 49, Issue 2, Pg 125–131.
27. Puri. S, Kumar.J., 2018. Characterization of Magnaporthe grisea Isolates Causing Finger Millet Blast, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Special Issue-7.
28. Rai, M., & Carpinella, C. (2006). Naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Advances in Phytomedicine, Elsevier.
29. Randhawa.G.K, Sharma.R , 2015. Chemotherapeutic potential of cow urine: A review. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, Volume 4, Issue 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20150222100320
30. Rani, R. et al., 2024. Role of Fungicides in Agriculture and their Impact on Environment: A Review. Plant Archives, Volume 24, Issue no.1, Pg 1013–1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2024.v24.no.1.139
31. Rinez.A et al, 2017. Antifungal Activity of Datura metel L. organic and aqueous extracts on some pathogenic and antagonistic fungi. African Journal of Microbiology Research, Volume 7, Issue 16, Pg 1605–1612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2376
32. Sharma.S et al, 2019, Antifungal activity of leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum against fungal pathogens, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Volume 8, Issue $, Pg 1210--1214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.139
33. Shrivastava, D.K., Swarnkar, K., 2014. Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica Linn.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Volume 3, Issue 5, Pg 301–308.
34. Siddiqui, B. S. et al , 2009, Two new triterpenoids from the fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Volume 59, Issue 9, Pg 1024–1026.
35. Singh, B.R. et al, 2022. Bacterial profile and comparative antimicrobial efficacy of fresh urine of cows, buffaloes and humans. TMR Journals, Volume 6, Issue 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53388/IDR20221125023
36. Singh, N.et al, 2011, Antifungal activity of alkaloids from Datura stramonium, Pharmaceutical Biology, Volume 49, Issue 6, Pg 567–572.
37. Singh, S. et al., 2023. Millets: Forgotten Grains Regaining Prominence. P.K. Publishers & Distributors, Edition-1st.
38. Thind.T.S., 2021. Role of Fungicides in Crop Health Management: Prospects and Challenges. Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology, Springer’s Publications.
39. Vats.S, Miglani. K, 2011, Synergistic antimicrobial effect of cow urine and Azadirachta indica on infectious microbes, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Volume 2, Issue 7, Pg 1781--1785
40. Verma, J. P. et al, 2014, Cow dung and cow urine for sustainable agriculture and environment, International Journal of Cow Science, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pg 23–28.
41. Waithaka.P et al, 2016,Synergistic antimicrobial effect of Egerton university cow’s urine and neem tree (Azadirachta indica) crude extracts on selected infectious human and plant pathogenic microbes, Researchgate
42. Yadav, S., 2023. Finger Millet: A Holistic Exploration of its Cultural, Historical, Religious, Indigenous Knowledge and Culinary Significance, Millets Tradition, Science and Technology in Nepal, Pg 114–121, Edition-1st.
43. Yoon, M.Y. et al, 2013, Recent Trends in Studies on Botanical Fungicides in Agriculture. The Plant Pathology Journal, The Korean Society of Plant Pathology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2012.0072