International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS)
IJFAS (ISSN: 2278-1404) is a peer-reviewed open-access journal publishing original research in fundamental and applied biological sciences.
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SMART AGRICULTURE: EMPOWERING FARMERS THROUGH TECHNOLOGY
Smart agriculture is revolutionizing modern farming by integrating digital technologies to improve productivity, sustainability, and resilience. Innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, remote sensing, mobile applications, and renewable energy systems are enabling real-time decision-making, precision farming, and efficient resource management. These tools especially benefit small and marginal farmers by enhancing access to timely information, reducing manual labour dependency, and increasing profitability through data-driven practices. Global research and case studies reveal that smart farming effectively addresses key agricultural challenges, including food security, climate change, and land degradation. IoT-enabled sensors monitor soil conditions, water levels, and weather patterns, while AI aids in early detection of pests and diseases, crop monitoring, and yield prediction. Energy-efficient irrigation, app-controlled machinery, and solar-powered tools provide sustainable solutions adaptable even in remote areas. However, the adoption of smart agriculture is hindered by several barriers. These include high initial investment costs, limited digital infrastructure in rural regions, low digital literacy among farmers, and fragmented access to technology. Additionally, concerns about data privacy, cyber security, and the lack of strong linkages between technology providers and farming communities further constrain implementation, particularly in developing nations. This paper synthesizes recent academic findings and real-world practices to explore how smart agriculture can bridge technological divides and empower farming communities. It emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts among governments, private sector actors, research institutions, and grassroots organizations. Key recommendations include promoting inclusive policy frameworks, strengthening rural digital infrastructure, offering targeted training and capacity-building programs, and fostering farmer-centric innovation. By addressing these gaps, smart agriculture can become a transformative tool that not only boosts agricultural output but also ensures equitable growth and sustainability for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nirupama M https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCEMENT IN CONTINUOUS MONITERING OF MULTIMODAL BIOMETRIC USING MODULAR POINT SENSITIVITY TRACKING
In the Evolving landscape of Digital Examinations and remote interviews, ensuring continuous and reliable identity verification has become increasingly critical. After the covid pandemic, Online examination and interviews have made a remarkable impact on Global Education and Recruitment process for which in this modern examination and interview environment, ensuring authenticity and continuous monitoring of candidate is very much essential , Hence continuous user authentication is critical to maintaining academic integrity and security. Ensuring the Authenticated user at the login time is one time Security, monitoring the candidate is very much essential as they can use AI for searching the answers or any other person sitting next to them for helping to solve the given question. using multimodal Biometric by giving a sensitivity in the Border value along with recognizing new voice, moving of foreign items behind the candidate will be the key during continues Monitoring. Where this paper proposes a multimodal biometric framework using facial point tracking and sensitivity based co-ordinate analysis. A System is designed to capture and compare real time co-ordinate points which will be compared with pre-recorded values in Data Base. Where, the deviation beyond sensitivity threshold triggers a monitoring mechanism which logs inconsistencies and flags potential anomalies. Unlike conventional one-time authentication systems, the proposed solution continuously captures and compares real-time biometric data against pre-recorded reference Senstivity increased Border points, Coordinates of Foreign Objects behind the Candidate stored in a database. Facial coordinates are tracked within a predefined sensitivity threshold for physical movement and recognizes if any extra Noise is heard during the session.
Copyright (c) 2026 SuhasBharadwaj GR, Sujanashraya S, Dhanya K.N, Harshitha M; Sushma S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI DRIVEN REAL TIME SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR PUBLIC SAFETY
The AI Driven real time surveillance system for public safety utilizing YOLOv8 is an innovative approach designed to enhance road safety by detecting Accident severityes in real-time and promptly alerting relevant authorities. Leveraging advanced deep learning techniques, specifically the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm, this system aims to provide a reliable and efficient method for identifying crash scenarios and initiating emergency responses. The dataset for this project, sourced from Roboflow, comprises diverse images of Accident severityes and normal driving conditions, ensuring robust training and evaluation of the model. Implemented in Jupyter Notebook and deployed using Flask, the system processes live video feeds from dashcams or CCTV cameras, making it a practical solution for real-world applications. The model achieved a remarkable 95% accuracy, highlighting its effectiveness in detecting Accident severityes with minimal false positives and negatives. This project not only contributes to reducing response times in emergencies but also offers potential for integration with emergency services and mobile applications, further broadening its impact. Future work includes enhancing the alert system with real- time location data and continuously updating the model with new data to maintain high detection accuracy
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharath Kumar M V, K M Sowmyashree https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFICACY OF COW URINE AND PLANT LEAF AQUA-EXTRACTS AGAINST RAGI BLAST DISEASE
Ancient plants and plant based pathogens are the outcome of co-evolution. Ragi blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea is known to be the principal reason for its widespread ragi crop losses throughout southern Karnataka, India. The persistent use of chemical-based fungicides has contributed to the development of resistance in pathogens alongside environmental implications, highlighting the necessity for eco-friendly alternatives. Interest in cow urine (recognized for its microbicidal quality) as well as plant extracts from Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Datura metel, due to their antifungal properties have gained importance as a mounting preference for an organic mode of disease management. The leaves of these plants were dried in the shade for seven days and ground into a fine powder, which was then used to prepare aqueous extracts at 1:20, 1:10, and 1:5 concentrations. The extracts were tested fresh and after 7 days of storage (at room temperature and under refrigeration). Each extract was combined with similarly treated cow urine in varying proportions and introduced into wells in Petri Plates (containing Sabouraud agar) inoculated with Magnaporthe grisea . Zones of inhibition were recorded after 96 hours. The highest zone of inhibition (28mm) was recorded at 60% tulsi extract and 40% cow urine (1:5 ratio). Tulsi leaf extract proved to be the most effective against M.grisea, followed by neem leaves. The results further confirm the efficiency of such traditional formulations as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to chemical-based fungicides.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devika.S, Shrinidhi Sriram, Lavanya.J.M https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CORRELATION BETWEEN VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND ARGININE METHYLATION IN ERYTHROCYTE BAND 3
Vitamin B12 deficiency is marked by megaloblastic anemia and abnormal red blood cell morphology. This study attempts to correlate B12 levels with RBC membrane proteins (especially Band 3) and arginine methylation. B12-deficient, iron-deficient and normal blood samples were analysed using SDS-PAGE and in silico using Alphafold3. SDS-PAGE revealed differences in band intensity and size, indicating altered membrane protein profiles in B12-deficient samples. AlphaFold3 modelling of known Band 3 mutations involving arginine substitutions revealed structural changes, especially in the N-terminal domain responsible for interaction with other membrane proteins. These preliminary observations suggest a possible correlation between B12 deficiency, arginine methylation, and changes in RBC membrane structure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anjana Francis Thevarmadom, Vinita Balasubramanya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CASHEW APPLE
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), is a rich source of phytochemicals with potential health benefits and allergenic properties. In this study, the phytochemical content of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of cashew apple, nut shell, testa, as well as the fermented drink feni was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively through standard tests, thin layer chromatography and FTIR. Ethanolic extracts showed the highest flavonoid and phenolic content. FTIR analysis detected urushiol-like structures in cashew samples and feni, suggesting allergenic potential. None of the extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, but some had antioxidant and pro-inflammatory activity. This study flags the presence of bioactive compounds in cashew derivatives and their implications in food safety and therapeutic use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hemashree B, Vinita Balasubramanya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF HOUSEHOLD METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE PHYSICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIMICROBIAL PARAMETERS OF HONEY
Honey is widely recognized for its multifaceted therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite its popularity, the quality assurance of honey remains a significant concern for consumers, particularly regarding its authenticity and health benefits. Household methods for evaluating physical, biochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial parameters provide cost-effective alternatives to laboratory testing. This review comprehensively evaluates commonly used household methods for assessing honey quality, with particular emphasis on physical characteristics (moisture content, viscosity, color, and electrical conductivity), biochemical composition (sugar profiling, pH, and ash content), antioxidant activity (phenolic content, DPPH scavenging activity, and ascorbic acid), and antimicrobial properties (inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentration). Based on experimental data collected from 50 honey samples sourced from five regions of Maharashtra, India (Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, and Solapur), we examined the reliability and accuracy of these methods. The results indicate a significant correlation between household methods and laboratory techniques, suggesting that simple home-based testing can be a viable tool for assessing honey quality. These findings underscore the importance of standardizing household methods to ensure the authenticity and health benefits of honey.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pawar Ramchandra Krishna, Sanjay Nivratirao Shinde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PLASTIC DEGRADING MICROBE FROM INSECT GUT
Microbial degradation of plastics has been traditionally studied in soil microbes. In this study, plastic-degrading microbes were isolated from the midgut and hindgut of cockroach (Periplaneta americana) using minimal media containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). These microbes could also survive in polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing media, as confirmed by decrease in weight, thin layer chromatography and FTIR analysis. Identified as strains of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, these microbes show promising potential for sustainable plastic biodegradation and mitigation of plastic pollution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Swathi Lakshmi, Vinita Balasubramanya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF CELLULASE IN COMBATING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: INNOVATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Environmental degradation, driven by industrial pollution, agricultural waste, and unsustainable resource consumption, continues to threaten ecological balance and global sustainability. Among emerging biotechnological interventions, cellulase—a complex of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of cellulose into fermentable sugars—has demonstrated significant promise in mitigating environmental damage through innovative and scalable applications. This presentation examines the multifaceted role of cellulase in promoting sustainability, with a focus on its contributions to biofuel production, organic waste valorisation, soil remediation, and biodegradable material synthesis. Cellulase facilitates the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable energy sources, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels and supporting circular economy models. Its integration into bioremediation strategies enables the breakdown of organic pollutants, enhancing soil health and ecosystem resilience. In agriculture, cellulase-based formulations improve composting efficiency and nutrient cycling, contributing to regenerative practices. Advances in microbial engineering, enzyme optimization, and process integration have further expanded the industrial applicability of cellulase, improving yield, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. The cellulase-based technologies offer a compelling pathway toward ecological restoration and shaping a sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vidya A. S, Chandrakant S. Karigar, Sunil.S. More https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCE WATER OF THE VRISHABHAVATHI RIVER IN BENGALURU CITY: COMPARISON WITH BOTTLED GANGA WATER
Water is essential for life but increasing urbanization, pollution and poor wastewater management have severely degraded river systems of major rivers as well as smaller urban rivers in India. Contamination from sewage, heavy metals and pesticides render such water unpotable (Singh et al., 2022). Interestingly, the Ganga shows unique self-cleaning due to the presence of bacteriophages and bacteriocins (Tyagi and Dubey, 2020). Despite the presence of coliforms even in the headwaters, this water is comparatively safe for consumption due to a high coliphage count. Bengaluru city’s only river – the Vrishabhavathi – is heavily polluted all along its course and has been studied by various groups (Ramachandra et al., 2017; Madhukar and Srikantaswamy, 2013). Yet, the source water at the Sri Dakshinamukha Nanditeertha temple in Malleswaram which is distributed as teertha to devotees, has no microbiological documentation of the water quality. In this study, source water from Sri Dakshinamukha Nanditeertha temple and bottled Ganga water were analysed for physicochemical properties, bacterial profile, bacteriocins and bacteriophages using standard microbiological and biochemical methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amrutha B, Vinita Balasubramanya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF A PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING ACTIVITY IN MORINGA LEAVES
Phosphate solubilization involves acid production, enzymatic activity, and microbial interactions. This study investigates the phosphate solubilizing activity in Moringa oleifera leaves, which are known to contain organic acids and phosphatases. Release of phosphate from insoluble calcium phosphate was found to be mediated by an oxalic acid producing fungal endophyte. Field studies using fenugreek confirmed the potential of Moringa leaf extracts as an inexpensive means of converting land containing insoluble phosphate to arable soil. Our findings suggest Moringa leaves can be used as a natural biofertilizer, contributing to reduced use of chemical fertilizers and promoting sustainable farming practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Seema S, Deepthi N, Noorain Zohra Sultana, Vinita Balasubramanya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF FERMENTATION TIME ON NUTRITIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL QUALITY OF PROBIOTIC CURD
Fermented dairy products are a good source for probiotics with health benefits that are aligned with sustainable development goals. This study understands the effect of fermentation time on the nutritional constitutes and functional quality of commercial probiotic curd. Inoculum curd was collected from retail outlets and was incubated at 37°C and analyzed at 4 different fermentation time intervals: 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Probiotic viability was evaluated by standard plate count (SPC) method on MRS agar and phytochemical parameters - pH, titratable acidity, syneresis were analysed using standard methods. Nutritional analysis - reducing sugar and proteins were determined by standard techniques like titration and colorimetric techniques. This analysis is mainly focused to identify the best fermentation time for a probiotic survival which contains desired nutritional and functional qualities. By observing the microbial growth pattern, acidity, nutrient components over time helped us to understand the optimal fermentation time required to maintain both the product quality and potential health benefits. These insights are intended to guide the producers in designing and optimizing the fermentation protocol to enhance consumer health while also focusing on keeping consumers informed about the voice of probiotic dairy consumption. This research highlights how science-driven optimization of traditional dairy processing can contribute to local food sustainability, consumer health, and broader public health goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuthana Jain V, Monisha T, Shruti Awasthi, Preethi Rajesh, Chethana V Chalapathy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL OF ACHILLEA LANULOSA EXTRACT
Achillea is a genus known for its potent medicinal properties and, hence plants of this genus have been used traditionally for the treatment of fever, pain, wounds healing and inflammation in different parts of the world. Considering the use of this plant and its products at such large scale in treating different ailments, the scientific validation of such claims becomes very important. A. lanulosa is one of the least studied varieties from Achillea genus that might have great medicinal importance. Therefore, the current study has been undertaken to explore the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of A. lanulosa extract prepared in 80% methanol. Phytochemical profiling of the extract by qualitative and quantitative assays has revealed the presence of phytoconstituents including phenolics and flavonoids. Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry of the extract showed significant concentration of 20 compounds including polyhydroxy acids, flavonoids and tocopherols and different type of terpenes. The DPPH scavenging assay had shown the significant antioxidant potential of the extract with IC50 of 24.5 ± 3.56 µg/ml. Further, the well diffusion assay demonstrated a pronouncedantibacterial activity in the plant extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterobacter sp. The findings of this study highlight the therapeutic potential of A. lanulosa, which may be helpful and promising option for additional research to fight bacterial infections and enhance human health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinay Pratap, Shivangi Singh, Ashwini Kumar Nigam, Jalaj Kumar Gour Gour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENS FROM COFFEA ARABICA & COFFEA ROBUSTA FROM CHIKMAGALUR
Endophytes are microorganisms that reside within plant tissues without causing any harm to the host. These non-pathogenic symbionts are known to produce various bioactive compounds, including antibiotics. Recent studies have emphasized the potential of endophytic bacteria in addressing the escalating threat of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. Chikmagalur, widely recognized as the birthplace of Indian coffee and known as the "Coffee Land of Karnataka," is renowned for the cultivation of Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta. In the present study sixteen bacterial endophytic isolates were obtained from different parts including root, stem, leaves and bark of Coffea arabica & Coffea robusta from Chikmagalur. The antimicrobial screening of the ethyl acetate extract of the isolates against foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella typhi, Shigella, E. coli & Enterococcus faecalis was done using agar diffusion method. Eight out of sixteen endophytic bacterial isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity against the tested foodborne pathogens. Among them, two isolates CCRBI and CCRB2, both obtained from the bark of Coffea robusta demonstrated notably higher antimicrobial activity, showing larger zones of inhibition against Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., and Escherichia coli. Consequently, these two potent isolates were selected for detailed morphological, biochemical, and phytochemical characterization. Bioactive compounds were extracted from the liquid cultures of CCRBI and CCRB2 using ethyl acetate, and the resulting crude extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis to identify the secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate extract of CCRBI exhibited inhibition zones of 20.5 mm against S. typhi, 26.5 mm against Shigella, and 24 mm against E. coli. Similarly, CCRB2 showed inhibition zones of 20.5 mm, 21.5 mm, and 27 mm against the same pathogens, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and saponins in the crude extracts, indicating their potential role in the observed antimicrobial activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Floreence Shoba, T P Manjunatha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IDENTIFICATION AND SPECIATION OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF KLEBSIELLA ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS CLINICAL SAMPLES AND THEIR ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Klebsiella is a member of the fifth of the eight tribes of the Enterobacteriales family. The second most prevalent organism in the Enterobacteriaceae family is Klebsiella Species. It is a rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacillus that ferments lactose and is gram negative. Both hospital-acquired infections & community-acquired infections are known to be frequently caused by them. Additionally, Klebsiella is the second most frequent cause of septicemia and bacteremia at hospital paediatric wards, particularly on intensive care units and premature infants. Klebsiella species are the causative agents of urinary tract infections, pneumonia, abrasion, muscle & bacteremia and account for 3-8% of all nosocomial infections. To identify Klebsiella Species prevalence in different clinical samples along with to evaluate its antibiotic sensitivity method isolated from variety of clinical samples. Over the course of the six- month trial period, 74 samples in total were analyzed. To identify and isolate Klebsiella Species, each of them underwent direct microscopy and culture. In this study 42(57%) Klebsiella Species were isolated in female patients and 32(43%) were from male patients which is identified out of 74 clinical samples. Among the isolates, K. pneumoniae was identified in 65 cases (87.84%) and K. oхytoca in 9 cases (12.16%). Urine and Blood samples where the majority of Klebsiella Species were isolated from specimens. Higher sensitivity was seen with Colistin (100%), Tigecycline (94.59%) and Doxycycline (83.78%) among the 30 urine isolates tested, (83.33%) were sensitive to Fosfomycin by Kirbey-Bauer disc diffusion method. High resistance rates were recorded against: Ceftriaxone (87.84%) and Amoxicillin (79.73%). As an organism with a high prevalence that is growing more common due to antimicrobial agent resistance, Klebsiella Species may pose a risk to health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Areeba Rehman, Shadma Yaqoob, Nighat Parveen, Saumya Shukla, Sanjay Kumar Vishwakarma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The AI Driven real time surveillance system for public safety utilizing YOLOv8 is an innovative approach designed to enhance road safety by detecting Accident severityes in real-time and promptly alerting relevant authorities. Leveraging advanced deep learning techniques, specifically the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm, this system aims to provide a reliable and efficient method for identifying crash scenarios and initiating emergency responses. The dataset for this project, sourced from Roboflow, comprises diverse images of Accident severityes and normal driving conditions, ensuring robust training and evaluation of the model. Implemented in Jupyter Notebook and deployed using Flask, the system processes live video feeds from dashcams or CCTV cameras, making it a practical solution for real-world applications. The model achieved a remarkable 95% accuracy, highlighting its effectiveness in detecting Accident severityes with minimal false positives and negatives. This project not only contributes to reducing response times in emergencies but also offers potential for integration with emergency services and mobile applications, further broadening its impact. Future work includes enhancing the alert system with real- time location data and continuously updating the model with new data to maintain high detection accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 SHARATH KUMAR M V, K M SOWMYASHREE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING GUT HEALTH, ENERGY, AND MICRONUTRIENT STATUS IN YOUNG ADULTS: THE ROLE OF GOOD MONK NUTRITION PREMIX
Micronutrient deficiencies (MND) impact approximately 2 billion individuals globally, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. The National Family Health Survey-5 reveals that 57% of Indian women aged 15-49 are anaemic, with anaemia affecting 59% of adolescent girls and 30% of adolescent boys. A 2021 meta-analysis of 270 studies found vitamin D deficiency to be the most prevalent in India, affecting 61% of the population, followed by deficiencies in iron (54%), vitamin B12 (53%), folic acid (37%), and iodine (17%). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 4.6 g daily dose of the Good Monk Nutrition Premix in enhancing gut health, energy levels, immune function, and addressing micronutrient deficiencies in healthy individuals aged 13–35 years. The study was conducted as a single-arm, open-label clinical trial over 120 days, with participants receiving Good Monk as an adjuvant to their regular diet. Primary outcomes included gut health, energy, growth, immunity, and micronutrient levels (Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Iron) biomarkers such as Immunoglobulin G (IgG), C-reactive protein (CRP). Results indicated significant improvements in gut health, with reductions in gastrointestinal symptoms, enhanced energy levels (24.4% improvement in the 30-Second Chair Stand Test), and increased micronutrient levels. Micronutrient analysis revealed notable improvement of 65.4%, 26% and 30.8% in vitamin B12, Vitamin D and iron levels from baseline to the final visit at 120 days. Additionally, significant improvements in immunity were observed. The Nutrition Premix was well-tolerated, with no significant adverse events. These findings suggest that Good Monk nutrition premix may be an effective, safe addition to dietary practices to improve gut health, energy, immunity, and address micronutrient deficiencies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dheeraj Deep https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NOMOPHOBIA: AN EMERGING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
Portable technologies especially smart phones have emerged as an advantage for providing a galaxy of opportunity and has steered the society for accessing network, communicating in social circles and gaining knowledge. It has intensified the amount of work and opportunities but excessive use and long-time exposure also brings serious problems. Recently one of the major problems is the excessive usage of mobile or smartphone by the huge population without any specific reason leading to addiction of smart phones from child of early age to adult ones. This is slowly penetrating in human habits and behaviour causing behavioural dependency on electronic gadgets especially smartphones. One of major factor for causing this problematic condition is connection of mobile phone to the internet. Several research reports from different parts of world are indicating the causes, phases of onset of smartphone addiction, consequences and health issues due to the emerging threat of ‘no mobile phone phobia’ (nomophobia). Therefore, present review is intended to address the current problems associated with nomophobia and the future strategies to overcome its negative impact on society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imran Ahamad, Namrata Soni, Brajesh Kumar Sinha, Ashwini Kumar Nigam, Brijesh Ranjan, Manoj Kumar Singh, Jalaj Kumar Gour, Tumul Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ETHNOBOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF ANNONA MURICATA EXTRACTS, DECOCTIONS
Annona muricata (A. muricata L.) is commonly known as soursop, graviola, or guanabana is an evergreen tree that grows luxuriantly in tropical and sub-tropical region, from the Annonaceae family, valued for both its edible fruit and traditional medicinal uses across Africa and South America. Each portion of this tree from roots to leaves has been used in folk medicine to treat ailments such as cancer, diabetes, ulcers, infections, inflammation, and hypertension. Traditional use of this plant has motivated researchers to evaluate its pharmacological efficiency which lead to the validation of its potential. Extensive research has revealed that A. muricata have wide range of pharmacological activities and can be used against inflammation, microbial infection, oxidative stress, cancer and diabetes. Apart from this it can be also used in skin related issues, gastrointestinal complication, hepatic complication, hepatic-protection, wound healing, as analgesic and antipyretic agent. The credit for the medicinal effects of A. muricata goes to its rich phytochemical profile, especially acetogenins, alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids, with over 200 compounds identified. A. muricata shows particular promise in cancer and diabetes treatment, with mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase, α-amylase), insulin stimulation, and glucose uptake enhancement contributing to its hypoglycemic effects. The leaves of the plant is of particular interest and have been analyzed extensively, it has anti-inflammatory potential and can be a good source for developing an anticancer agent due to presence of wide range of bioactive compounds. However, despite these benefits, some compounds mainly acetogenins and certain alkaloids have shown neurotoxic effects in laboratory models, underscoring the need for careful dosage evaluation and safety assessment. This article elaborates the ethnobotanical and pharmacological importance of the plant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jalaj Kumar Gour Gour, Shivangi Singh, Vinay Pratap, Prareeta Mahapatra, Brajesh Kumar Sinha, Manoj Kumar Singh, Ashwini Kumar Nigam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUNCTIONAL NUTRITION AND GUT HEALTH: CLINICAL EVALUATION OF GOOD MONK® NUTRITION MIX IN A HEALTHY INDIAN POPULATION
Micronutrient deficiency, commonly referred to as “hidden hunger,” continues to pose a significant global public health challenge. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than two billion people suffer from deficiencies in micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron, iodine, and zinc [1]. In India, surveys indicate persistently high levels of iron-deficiency anaemia, vitamin B12 and D insufficiency across adolescent and adult populations [2]. While national programs aim to address these issues, gaps persist in compliance, accessibility, and product acceptability. In this context, I wish to bring to your attention recent findings from a clinical study evaluating Good Monk®, a novel, food-compatible nutrition mix formulated to bridge these nutritional gaps. This prospective, single-arm clinical study (CTRI/2023/06/054557) assessed the impact of Good Monk® on gut health, micronutrient status, immune markers, energy levels, and general well-being among 72 healthy participants aged 13 to 35 years. Each subject consumed two sachets daily (totaling 4.6 g/day) over 120 days. The supplement contains a unique blend of highly bioavailable micronutrients (vitamins A, B6, B9, B12, C, D, iron, zinc), lysine, probiotics (130 crore CFUs), prebiotic fiber, and traditional Ayurvedic herbs—Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri). The formulation is tasteless and odorless, allowing for seamless integration into routine meals such as dal, vegetables, soups, and milk, promoting high compliance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dheeraj Deep, Isha Singh, Amarpreet Singh Anand, L. Sucharitha, Poorvi Athreya, H. Manjunath https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVOLUTION, CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF VRIKSHAYURVEDA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Vrikshayurveda, an ancient Indian system of plant medicine and agriculture, has been a significant part of sustainable farming for centuries. This review explores its historical evolution, current applications and future prospects. Vrikshayurveda is gaining renewed interest among researchers and farmers with the increasing demand for organic and sustainable agricultural practices. This paper highlights its traditional knowledge, modern scientific validation and its potential role in future agricultural sustainability. It also examines the role of government policies, technological advancements and international collaborations in reviving and mainstreaming Vrikshayurveda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mayukh Sharma, Sumit Nathani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE TAMHINI GHATS, MAHARASHTRA: A NATURAL TREASURE OF HEALING FLORA
Abstract The Tamhini Hills in Maharashtra, part of the Western Ghats, are an important biodiversity hotspot known for their rich variety of medicinal plants and diverse ecosystems. Located at a considerable elevation, these hills create an ideal environment for numerous endemic species, many of which are integral to traditional medicine. The region's cool, moist climate, combined with dense forests, fosters the growth of medicinal herbs renowned for their healing properties. This natural wealth not only makes the Tamhini Hills an ecological treasure but also a crucial source of traditional remedies, with local communities depending on these plants for their medicinal value. Given its unique elevation and biodiversity, the area plays a key role in conservation efforts, helping to protect these valuable plant species for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Somya Watts, Manaswi Surolia, Manjula, Krutika Chaudhary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERMISSION BASED ANDROID MALWARE DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
Due to the open architecture of the Android operating system, there has also been a huge increase in mobile malware. With the growth in amount, variants, diversity and sophistication in malware, conventional methods often fail to detect malicious applications. Signatures based technologies work efficient for known malware but fail to detect unknown or new malware. In this paper author will appliance an approach to detect the unfamiliar Android malware using machine learning techniques. In our approach, we extract permissions (AOSP and third party permissions) features for getting high accuracy. Then features were selected along with separate apks (malware and benign files) in training and testing classifiers. We evaluate our method on AndroZoo dataset (15000 malware and 15000 benign Apks) We use Random forest classifiers for classification of Android malware and achieved 91.1% accuracy with AOSP and 72.3% accuracy with Third Party Permission.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sonal Pandey, Satyasheel, Diksha Jain
CASTE, GENDER AND MALNUTRITION: AN ENQUIRY IN TO NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTE WOMEN IN KARNATAKA
The present study was aimed to analyze the effect of household food insecurity on nutritional status of schedule caste women in Karnataka. The study carried out in 8 districts of Karnataka state. Descriptive research design was adopted with 384 sample size. Interview schedule was administered to obtain the primary data collection. The data analysis was done with the help of SPSS 17. Version. The results were clear that, there is a significant effect on household food insecurity on nutritional status of schedule caste women in Karnataka. Efforts are needed to improve the socio-economic conditions of the Schedule caste families. Better socio-economic conditions will impact on the accessibility, affordable capacity of the household which will impact on improved quality of diet that result in improved nutritional health.
Copyright (c) 2021 Dr.Gundappa, Dr.Nisargapriya T S, Dr.Lokesh M U
OPTIMIZING ANIMAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR RESEARCH AND TESTING
Growing evidence suggests that environmental chemicals can disrupt normal endocrine functions, causing developmental and reproductive abnormalities in fish and wildlife. This has raised concerns about potential human health risks. Consequently, US legislation now mandates the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to create and validate a screening program to identify chemicals in food and water that may act as endocrine disruptors. In response, the EPA proposed the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program, which employs both in vitro and in vivo test systems to identify harmful chemicals for humans and ecologically significant species. However, the endocrine system is highly sensitive to various experimental factors, such as diet and the genetic background of the test animals. To ensure accurate results in endocrine disruptor research, it is crucial to minimize or eliminate factors that contribute to experimental variation. Standard laboratory animal diets, for instance, contain varying levels of phytoestrogens that can mimic the effects of both endogenous and exogenous estrogens. Additionally, studies have shown that some commonly used outbred mice and rats exhibit lower sensitivity to estrogenic substances compared to certain inbred strains. Thus, selecting appropriate biological models and diets that offer optimal sensitivity and specificity is essential for endocrine disruptor studies. This issue introduces 11 papers that delve into critical experimental design considerations and review current laboratory animal and in vitro models used in endocrine disruptor research. Careful selection of animal models and experimental design parameters will minimize confounding variables, enhance the reproducibility of results, and lead to more reliable and relevant test systems.
EXTRACTION OF NATURAL DYE FROM ARECA PRECIPITATE USING DIVERSE TECHNIQUES AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS INDUSTRIAL USES
Natural dye was extracted using areca precipitate. Varied color intensities were obtained by the dyes recovered from areca precipitate at varied concentrations (10%, 5%, and 1%), using methanol and water as a solvent. When extracting colors, water produced a more vibrant hue than when methanol was used as the solvent. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the water and methanol extracts were obtained, and it was discovered that the absorption maxima of both extracts were in the same range: 241 nm for the water extract and 246 nm for the methanol extract. The color intensity of extracted dyes increased with increasing pH under various alkaline circumstances (pH 8–12). There was a qualitative phytochemical analysis carried out. The components that were present were tannins, amino acids, and saponins; all other substances were lacking. Retardation factor (Rf) for the most resolved component was found to be closer to tannic acid, gallic acid, and catechin. The extracted phytochemicals' Rf values matched those of the real samples. Different dye concentrations resulted in fabric that was colored in various colors of brown with differing intensities. On fabric treated with the same mordant, 1% aqueous and alcoholic dye created a very light shade of brown, whereas 5% dye generated muddy brown and bright brown colors. By employing different mordants, different shades of brown were produced. For example, practically black color was produced when FeSO4 was used as a mordant; varied shades of brown were produced using alum as a mordant; and reddish-brown color was produced with lodhra as a mordant. In the Textiles Committee lab, dyed fabric's light fastness and wash fastness were evaluated. The colored fabric's fastness qualities, such as its wash and light fastness, were rated 3 and 4 on the grey scale, respectively, meaning that it possessed fair to good fastness qualities. Against every examined bacterium, the extracted color exhibited antibacterial action. Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina, and E. coli were all susceptible to the areca dye's commendable antibacterial action. The appearance of pale pink and light brown color served as the endpoints for calculating the normality of strong acid, HCl, utilizing phenolphthalein and areca precipitate extract as indicators.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kushalatha M, Suneetha P, Umesh H R
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINIBILITY: NEW PERSPECTIVES AND PARADIGMS
Over dependence on fossil fuels is a worldwide problem, currently the uncontrolled use of fossil fuel is harming the earth and emptying the resources. We have just been through the hottest decade ever recorded and besides climate change, combustion engines spit out pollution that causes millions of deaths each year. Hence the world needs rapid transition away from fossil fuels. Due to this the pressure is on to develop new technologies, one of which is e-fuels. It is a sustainable alternative carbon-based fuel where inside the container’s hydrogen and air captured carbon dioxide are turned into gaseous hydrocarbons, further processing turns them into liquid synthetic fuels. This syn fuel can be almost carbon neutral as long as the entire production process is powered only by excess electricity from renewable sources. But all these electricity based syn fuels have some minor disadvantages: all that green electricity has to be generated in the first place and that can only happen in presence of enough sun, wind, water or geothermal power. Syn fuels aren’t cheap either about 4 euros 50 a liter in current scenario. So, while e-fuels might have their use cases this doesn’t marks end of combustion engines yet, it will be around for another few years but there will also be electric cars and new technologies.
A MACRO ANALYSIS OF PTERIDOPHYTES IN MEDICINES AND THEIR CURRENT CONTEXT IN INDIA
Medicinal values of Pteridophytes are known to man from more than 2000 years. They have healing and curing power and are used in Homeopathic, Ayurveda and Unani medicines. The medicinal applications of some Pteridophytes of those that grow in Western Ghats, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Rajasthan are presented in this paper. Out of 70 families from different parts of the present Indian political boundary, selected species are considered under 12 families for the analysis. There are 219 species of Pteridophytes measured as „At risk‟ in India. Of these, 160 are featured to designate that they fall into IUCN category of „Critically endangered‟. Henceforth, for immediate and strict conservation of all these species, there is a need of an urgent and special study including locality-mapping by State Governments and creating public awareness. Pteridophytes are forest-dwelling species; they can be taken as good indicators of deforestation and habitat-destruction. Pteridophytes have substantial importance in traditional pharmacopoeias, scientific studies on pharmacology of this group are scanty.
Nisarga G Krishna nisargamodini@gmail.com
Copyright (c) 2023 Nisarga G Krishna nisargamodini@gmail.com
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS IN ROHINTON MISTRY'S CHARACTERS
This study delves into the psychological dimensions found within the characters of acclaimed author Rohinton Mistry. Through an examination of his works, the research explores the intricacies of the human mind as portrayed by Mistry, shedding light on the complexities of emotions, thought processes, and behaviours that shape the lives of his characters. By analysing the psychological dimensions within Mistry's narratives, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the human condition, offering a deeper understanding of the psychological realities depicted in his works. The findings of this research contribute to the appreciation of Mistry's literary contributions and provide a foundation for further exploration of psychological themes in literature.
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS)
Phytochemical and histochemical studies on Solanum diphyllum L.- An exotic potent weed
Plant-based substances are seeking attention due to their substantial medical benefits. Medicinally, as well as in terms of poisoning and psychotropic effects, members of the family Solanaceae have been of great importance and used throughout history. The present study mainly focuses on the identification and location ofan important exotic plant speciesSolanumdiphyllum L. proven to be a potentially fast-spreading weed being reported from various states of South India and the detection of important biologically active chemical compounds in the same to look into the discovery of new herbal formulations and their curative properties for treatment of common ailments.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/